what are some birds that look simular to an eagle

Any species of bird that primarily hunt and feed on relatively large vertebrates

Birds of casualty
Montage of extant raptors. From summit left to correct: eurasian hawkeye-owl, king vulture, peregrine falcon, golden eagle and disguised vulture
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Grade:	Aves
Clade:	Passerea
Clade:	Telluraves
Groups included
Strigiformes Cathartiformes Accipitriformes Falconiformes Cariamiformes
Cladistically included just traditionally excluded taxa
Coraciimorphae Psittacopasserae

Birds of casualty, also known as raptors, include species of bird that primarily hunt and feed on vertebrates that are large relative to the hunter. Additionally, they have smashing eyesight for detecting food at a distance or during flying, strong feet equipped with talons for grasping or killing prey, and powerful, curved beaks for tearing flesh.^{[1] [2] [3]} The term raptor is derived from the Latin word rapio, meaning to seize or take by forcefulness.^[4] In improver to hunting alive prey, many birds, such as fish eagles, vultures, and condors, eat carrion.^[1]

Although the term bird of casualty could theoretically be taken to include all birds that primarily consume animals,^[3] ornithologists typically use the narrower definition followed in this page.^{[ citation needed ]} Examples of birds of prey not encompassed by the ornithological definition include storks, herons, gulls, phorusrhacids, skuas, penguins, kookaburras, and shrikes, as well as the many songbirds that are primarily insectivorous. Some extinct predatory birds had talons similar to those of modern birds of prey, including mousebird relatives (Sandcoleidae),^[5] Messelasturidae and some Enantiornithes,^[6] indicating possibly similar habits.

Common names [edit]

The mutual names for diverse birds of prey are based on construction, but many of the traditional names do non reflect the evolutionary relationships between the groups.

Variations in shape and size

• Eagles tend to be large birds with long, broad wings and massive feet. Booted eagles take legs and feet feathered to the toes and build very big stick nests.
• Falcons are medium-size birds of prey with long pointed wings. Many are particularly swift flyers. They belong to the family Falconidae, merely distantly related to the Accipitriformes above. Caracaras are a distinct subgroup of the Falconidae unique to the New World, and about mutual in the Neotropics – their broad wings, naked faces and appetites of a generalist suggest some level of convergence with either Buteo or the vulturine birds, or both.
• Truthful hawks are medium-sized birds of prey that usually belong to the genus Accipiter (see below). They are mainly woodland birds that chase past sudden dashes from a concealed perch. They usually have long tails for tight steering.
• Buzzards are medium-large raptors with robust bodies and broad wings, or, alternatively, any bird of the genus Buteo (also unremarkably known as "hawks" in Northward America, while "buzzard" is colloquially used for vultures).
• Harriers are large, slender hawk-like birds with long tails and long thin legs. Most use a combination of keen eyesight and hearing to hunt small vertebrates, gliding on their long broad wings and circling depression over grasslands and marshes.
• Kites have long wings and relatively weak legs. They spend much of their time soaring. They will accept live vertebrate casualty, simply more often than not feed on insects or even carrion.
• The osprey, a unmarried species plant worldwide that specializes in catching fish and builds large stick nests.
• Owls are variable-sized, typically night-specialized hunting birds. They wing nigh silently due to their special feather structure that reduces turbulence. They accept peculiarly astute hearing and nocturnal eyesight.
• Secretary Bird is a single species with a large body and long, stilted legs owned to the open up grasslands of Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Vultures are scavengers and carrion-eating raptors of ii distinct biological families: the Sometime Earth vultures (Accipitridae), which occurs but in the Eastern Hemisphere; and the New World vultures (Cathartidae), which occurs only in the Western Hemisphere. Members of both groups have heads either partly or fully devoid of feathers.
• Seriemas,^[7] large South American birds with long, stilted legs that occupy a similar ecological niche to secretarybirds. They are too the closest relatives to the extinct "terror birds".

Many of these English language group names originally referred to particular species encountered in Great britain. As English language-speaking people travelled further, the familiar names were applied to new birds with like characteristics. Names that accept generalised this way include: kite (Milvus milvus), sparrow-hawk or sparhawk (Accipiter nisus), goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), kestrel (Falco tinninculus), hobby (Falco subbuteo), harrier (simplified from "hen-harrier", Circus cyaneus), buzzard (Buteo buteo).

Some names accept not generalised, and refer to single species (or groups of closely related (sub)species), such as the merlin (Falco columbarius).

Systematics [edit]

Historical classifications [edit]

The taxonomy of Carl Linnaeus grouped birds (class Aves) into orders, genera, and species, with no formal ranks between genus and order. He placed all birds of prey into a single club, Accipitres, subdividing this into iv genera: Vultur (vultures), Falco (eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.), Strix (owls), and Lanius (shrikes). This arroyo was followed by subsequent authors such as Gmelin, Latham and Turton.

Louis Pierre Veillot used additional ranks: order, tribe, family, genus, species. Birds of casualty (order Accipitres) were divided into diurnal and nocturnal tribes; the owls remained monogeneric (family unit Ægolii, genus Strix), whilst the diurnal raptors were divided into three families: Vulturini, Gypaëti, and Accipitrini.^[8] Thus Veillot's families were similar to the Linnaean genera, with the divergence that shrikes were no longer included amid the birds of prey. In addition to the original Vultur and Falco (now reduced in scope), Veillot adopted iv genera from Savigny: Phene, Haliæetus, Pandion, and Elanus. He too introduced five new genera of vultures (Gypagus, Catharista, Daptrius, Ibycter, Polyborus)^{[annotation one]} and eleven new genera of accipitrines (Aquila, Circaëtus, Circus, Buteo, Milvus, Ictinia, Physeta, Harpia, Spizaëtus, Asturina, Sparvius).

Falconimorphae is a deprecated superorder within Raptores, formerly composed of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The clade was invalidated after 2012. Falconiformes is now placed in Eufalconimorphae, while Strigiformes is placed in Afroaves.^[nine]

Modern systematics [edit]

The order Accipitriformes is believed to have originated 44 million years agone when it divide from the mutual ancestor of the secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) and the accipitrid species.^[10] The phylogeny of Accipitriformes is complex and difficult to unravel. Widespread paraphylies were observed in many phylogenetic studies.^{[xi] [12] [13] [xiv] [xv]} More recent and detailed studies evidence like results.^[16] However, according to the findings of a 2014 report, the sis relationship between larger clades of Accipitriformes was well supported (east.1000. relationship of Harpagus kites to buzzards and sea eagles and these latter two with Accipiter hawks are sis taxa of the clade containing Aquilinae and Harpiinae).^[10]

The diurnal birds of prey are formally classified into six families of three different orders (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Cariamiformes).

• Accipitridae: hawks, eagles, buzzards, harriers, kites, and Former World vultures
• Pandionidae: the osprey
• Sagittariidae: the secretarybird
• Falconidae: falcons, caracaras, and forest falcons
• Cathartidae: New Earth vultures, including condors
• Cariamidae: seriemas^[7]

These families (with the exception of Cariamidae) were traditionally grouped together in a unmarried social club Falconiformes but are now split into ii orders, the Falconiformes and Accipitriformes. The Cathartidae are sometimes placed separately in an enlarged stork family, Ciconiiformes, and may be raised to an order of their own, Cathartiiformes.

The secretary bird and/or osprey are sometimes listed as subfamilies of Acciptridae: Sagittariinae and Pandioninae, respectively.

Australia'south letter of the alphabet-winged kite is a member of the family Accipitridae, although it is a nocturnal bird.

The nocturnal birds of casualty—the owls—are classified separately as members of 2 extant families of the social club Strigiformes:

• Strigidae: "typical owls"
• Tytonidae: barn and bay owls

Phylogeny [edit]

Below is a simplified phylogeny of Telluraves which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with passerines and several about-passerine lineages.^{[17] [18] [19]} The orders in bold text are birds of prey orders; this is to evidence the polyphly of the group too equally their relationships to other birds.

Migration [edit]

Migratory behaviour evolved multiple times within accipitrid raptors.

The earliest event occurred virtually 14 to 12 million years agone. This result seems to exist one of the oldest dates published and so far in the instance of birds of prey.^[10] For instance, a previous reconstruction of migratory behaviour in one Buteo clade^[xv] with a result of the origin of migration around 5 million years ago was also supported by that study.

Migratory species of raptors may have had a southern origin because information technology seems that all of the major lineages inside Accipitridae had an origin in one of the biogeographic realms of the Southern Hemisphere. The advent of migratory behaviour occurred in the tropics parallel with the range expansion of migratory species to temperate habitats.^[ten] Similar results of southern origin in other taxonomic groups can be institute in the literature.^{[20] [21] [22]}

Distribution and biogeographic history highly decide the origin of migration in birds of prey. Based on some comparative analyses, diet latitude also has an effect on the evolution of migratory behaviour in this grouping,^[10] only its relevance needs further investigation. The development of migration in animals seems to be a complex and hard topic with many unanswered questions.

A recent study discovered new connections between migration and the environmental, life history of raptors. A brief overview from abstract of the published newspaper shows that "clutch size and hunting strategies accept been proved to be the most important variables in shaping distribution areas, and also the geographic dissimilarities may mask important relationships betwixt life history traits and migratory behaviours. The West Palearctic-Afrotropical and the North-South American migratory systems are fundamentally different from the East Palearctic-Indomalayan system, owing to the presence versus absence of ecological barriers."^[23] Maximum entropy modelling can aid in answering the question: why species winters at one location while the others are elsewhere. Temperature and precipitation related factors differ in the limitation of species distributions. "This suggests that the migratory behaviours differ among the three chief migratory routes for these species"^[23] which may accept important conservational consequences in the protection of migratory raptors.

Sexual dimorphism [edit]

Birds of casualty (raptors) are known to brandish patterns of sexual dimorphism. It is unremarkably believed that the dimorphisms found in raptors occur due to sexual pick or ecology factors. In general, hypotheses in favor of ecological factors being the cause for sexual dimorphism in raptors are rejected. This is because the ecological model is less parsimonious, meaning that its explanation is more than complex than that of the sexual selection model. Additionally, ecological models are much harder to exam because a great bargain of information is required.^[24]

Dimorphisms tin can also exist the product of intrasexual option betwixt males and females. It appears that both sexes of the species play a role in the sexual dimorphism within raptors; females tend to compete with other females to find good places to nest and concenter males, and males competing with other males for adequate hunting ground and so they appear as the nigh salubrious mate.^[25] It has also been proposed that sexual dimorphism is merely the product of disruptive option, and is just a stepping stone in the process of speciation, especially if the traits that ascertain gender are independent across a species. Sexual dimorphism tin be viewed equally something that can advance the rate of speciation.^[26]

In not-predatory birds, males are typically larger than females. However, in birds of prey, the opposite is the case. For case, the kestrel is a type of falcon in which males are the primary providers, and the females are responsible for nurturing the immature. In this species, the smaller the kestrels are, the less nutrient is needed and thus, they tin survive in environments that are harsher. This is peculiarly truthful in the male kestrels. Information technology has go more energetically favorable for male kestrels to remain smaller than their female counterparts because smaller males have an agility advantage when it comes to defending the nest and hunting. Larger females are favored considering they can incubate larger numbers of offspring, while besides being able to brood a larger clutch size.^[27]

Olfaction [edit]

It is a long-standing belief that birds lack any sense of odor, but information technology has become clear that many birds practise have functional olfactory systems. Despite this, most raptors are still considered to primarily rely on vision, with raptor vision being extensively studied. A 2020 review of the existing literature combining anatomical, genetic, and behavioural studies showed that, in general, raptors have functional olfactory systems that they are probable to utilise in a range of different contexts.^[28]

Persecution [edit]

Birds of prey have been historically persecuted both directly and indirectly. In the Danish Faeroe Islands, there were rewards Naebbetold (by imperial prescript from 1741) given in return for the bills of birds of casualty shown by hunters. In U.k., kites and buzzards were seen as destroyers of game and killed, for instance in 1684-v alone as many as 100 kites were killed. Rewards for their killing were also in strength in kingdom of the netherlands from 1756. From 1705 to 1800, it has been estimated that 624087 birds of prey were killed in a part of Germany that included Hannover, Luneburg, Lauenburg and Bremen with 14125 claws deposited just in 1796-vii.^[29] Many species too suffered from lead poisoning subsequently accidental consumption of lead shot when feeding on animals that had been shot by hunters.^[30] Lead pellets from direct shooting that the birds have escaped from also cause reduced fitness and premature deaths.^[31]

Attacks on humans [edit]

Some evidence supports the contention that the African crowned eagle occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-twelvemonth-one-time boy, survived and the hawkeye was killed),^[32] and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest. This would make information technology the only living bird known to casualty on humans, although other birds such every bit ostriches and cassowaries have killed humans in self-defense and a lammergeier might have killed Aeschylus by accident.^[33] Many stories of Brazilian Indians speak about children mauled by Uiruuetê, the Harpy Eagle in Tupi language.^{[ citation needed ]} Various large raptors similar gold eagles are reported attacking human beings,^[34] but its unclear if they intend to eat them or if they have ever been successful in killing i.

Some fossil evidence indicates big birds of prey occasionally preyed on prehistoric hominids. The Taung Kid, an early homo found in Africa, is believed to have been killed past an eagle-like bird similar to the crowned eagle. The extinct Haast'south hawkeye may have preyed on humans in New Zealand, and this decision would be consistent with Maori folklore. Leptoptilos robustus ^[35] might take preyed on both Homo floresiensis and anatomically modern humans, and the Malagasy crowned eagle, teratorns, Woodward's eagle and Caracara major ^[36] are like in size to the Haast's eagle, implying that they similarly could pose a threat to a man.

Although not birds of prey, Australian magpies have injured cycle riders and passersby akin by swooping at the back of their heads.^[37] In an farthermost example, i swooping acquired a mother who was carrying her five-month-sometime babe to trip over and fall, leading to the babe's decease from critical brain injuries in August 2021.^[38]

See too [edit]

• Origin of birds

Explanatory notes [edit]

1. ^ Veillot included the caracaras (Daptrius, Ibycter, and Polyborus) in Vulturini, though it is now known that they are related to falcons.

References [edit]

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3. ^ ^{a b} Burton, Philip (1989). Birds of Prey . illustrated by Boyer, Trevor; Ellis, Malcolm; Thelwell, David. Gallery Books. p. 8. ISBN978-0-8317-6381-7.
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5. ^ Mayr, Gerald (xix Apr 2018). "New data on the anatomy and palaeobiology of sandcoleid mousebirds (Aves, Coliiformes) from the early Eocene of Messel". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 98 (four): 639–651. doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0328-one. S2CID 134450324.
6. ^ Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai One thousand.; Niu, Kecheng; Mai, Huijuan (29 October 2019). "A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine human foot and tail feather preserved in Burmese amber". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15513. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915513X. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51929-9. PMC6820775. PMID 31664115.
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16. ^ Breman, Floris C.; Jordaens, Kurt; Sonet, Gontran; Nagy, Zoltán T.; Van Houdt, Jeroen; Louette, Michel (23 September 2012). "Dna barcoding and evolutionary relationships in Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives". Journal of Ornithology. 154 (1): 265–287. doi:10.1007/s10336-012-0892-5. S2CID 17933934.
17. ^ Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick; Steadman, David; Witt, Christopher; Braun, Edward (13 March 2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Coinciding and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. two (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMC4009869. PMID 24832669.
18. ^ Ericson, Per M. P. (May 2012). "Development of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (v): 813–824. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.ten.
19. ^ Jarvis, Erich D.; Mirarab, Siavash; Aberer, Andre J.; Li, Bo; Houde, Peter; Li, Cai; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Nabholz, Benoit; Howard, Jason T.; Suh, Alexander; Weber, Claudia C.; da Fonseca, Rute R.; Li, Jianwen; Zhang, Fang; Li, Hui; Zhou, Long; Narula, Nitish; Liu, Liang; Ganapathy, Ganesh; Boussau, Bastien; Bayzid, Physician. Shamsuzzoha; Zavidovych, Volodymyr; Subramanian, Sankar; Gabaldón, Toni; Capella-Gutiérrez, Salvador; Huerta-Cepas, Jaime; Rekepalli, Bhanu; Munch, Kasper; et al. (12 December 2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early on branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Scientific discipline. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC4405904. PMID 25504713.
20. ^ Joseph, Leo; Lessa, Enrique P.; Christidis, Leslie (March 1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography in the evolution of migration: shorebirds of the Charadrius complex". Periodical of Biogeography. 26 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00269.ten.
21. ^ Outlaw, Diana C.; Voelker, Gary; Mila, Borja; Girman, Derek J. (2003). "Evolution of Long-Altitude Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes: A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach". The Auk. 120 (ii): 299. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0299:EOLMIA]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4090182.
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23. ^ ^{a b} Nagy, Jenő; Végvári, Zsolt; Varga, Zoltán (one May 2017). "Life history traits, bioclimate, and migratory systems of accipitrid birds of prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 121 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blw021.
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Further reading [edit]

• Brown, Leslie (2013). British birds of prey : a written report of Britain'south 24 diurnal raptors. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN9780007406487.
• Dunne, Pete; Karlson, Kevin (2017). Birds of Prey Hawks, Eagles, Falcons, and Vultures of Northward America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN9780544018440. OCLC 953709935.
• Macdonald Lockhart, James (2017). Raptor : a journeying through birds. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN9780226470580. OCLC 959200538.
• Mackenzie, John P. S. (1997). Birds of prey. Toronto, Ont: Key Porter Books. ISBN9781550138030. OCLC 37041161.
• Newman, Kenneth (1999). Kenneth Newman'south birds of casualty of southern Africa : rulers of the skies : an identification guide to 67 species of southern African raptors. Knysna, Southward Africa: Korck Pub. ISBN978-0620245364. OCLC 54470834.
• Olsen, Jerry 2014, Australian High Country raptors, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, ISBN 9780643109162.
• Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, Yard. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, Grand. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and One thousand. J. Zimmer. [Version 2007-04-05.] A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Spousal relationship. Accessed 2007-04-10.
• Yamazaki, Bout (2012). Field guide to Raptors of Asia. London: Asian Raptor research and Conservation Network. ISBN9786021963531. OCLC 857105968.

External links [edit]

• Explore Birds of Prey with The Peregrine Fund
• Birds of Prey on the Internet Bird Collection
• Bird of Casualty Pictures
• Global Raptor Information Network
• The Arboretum at Flagstaff's Wild Birds of Prey Program
• Raptor Resource Project

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey

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